Vowels
a, ā, i, ī, u, ū, e, o
Consonants
k, kh, g, gh, ṅ
c, ch, j, jh, ñ
ṭ, ṭh, ḍ, ḍh, ṇ
t, th, d, dh, n
p, ph, b, bh, m
y, r, l, v, s, h, ḷ, ṃ
The vowels a, i, u is short; the rest are long.
Although e and o are included in long vowels they are often sounded short before a double consonant, e.g. mettā, seṭṭhī, okkamati, yottaṃ
Pronunciation
A is pronounced like a in what or u in hut
Ā is pronounced like a in father
I is pronounced like i in mint
Ī is pronounced like ee in see
U is pronounced like u in put
Ū is pronounced like oo in pool
E is pronounced like a in cage
O is pronounced like o in no
K is pronounced like k in kind
Kh is pronounced like kh in blackheath
G is pronounced like g in game
Gh is pronounced like gh in big house
Ṅ is pronounced like ng in singer
C is pronounced like ch in chance
Ch is pronounced like ch h in witch-hazel
Jh is pronounced like dge h in sledge-hammer
Ñ is pronounced like gn in signore
Ṭ is pronounced like t in cat
Ṭh is pronounced like th in ant-hill
Ḍ is pronounced like d in bad
Ḍh is pronounced like dh in red-hot
ṇ is pronounced like kn in know
T is pronounced like th in thumb
Th is pronounced like th in pot-herb
D is pronounced like th in then
DH is pronounced like dh in adherent
Ph is pronounced like ph in uphill
Bh is pronounced like bh in abhorrence
Y is pronounced like y in yes
S is pronounced like s in sight
Ṃ is pronounced like ng in sing
[1] Prof. A. P. Buddhadatta, Maha Nayaka Thera , The New Pali Course Book I, Seventh Edition第7版, (Singapore Buddhist Meditation Centre, 1998), p.1-2
[2] Prof. A. P. Buddhadatta, Maha Nayaka Thera , The New Pali Course Book I, Seventh Edition第7版, (Singapore Buddhist Meditation Centre, 1998), p.4
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